Which developmental process is represented by the diagram below

Here is what you…. Interacting with your infant in a developmentally helpful manner doesn't mean spending a lot of money. As a parent, you're likely watching your little one's every move and wondering it they're "on time" for those precious baby development stages.

Health Conditions Discover Plan Connect. Medically reviewed by Karen Gill, M. But before you put too much stock in a single checklist…. Milestones at a glance. Birth to 18 months. School-age development. What happens in a developmental screening? The takeaway. Read this next. Responds to facial expressions Enjoys playing with people Responds differently to different voice tones. May engage in simple pretend games May have tantrums May cry around strangers. Begins to coo and make vowel sounds Becomes calm when spoken to Cries differently for different needs.

Responds to hearing their name May add consonant sounds to vowels May communicate with gestures. Turns toward sounds Follows objects with eyes Grasps objects Gradually lifts head for longer periods. Sees things and reaches for them Pushes up with arms when on tummy Might be able to roll over. Starts sitting up without support May bounce when held in standing position Rolls in both directions. Pulls up into standing position Crawls. Walks holding onto surfaces Stands alone May climb a step or two May drink from a cup.

Builds towers from blocks May follow simple two-part instructions Groups like shapes and colors together Plays pretend games. Knows several words Follows simple directions Likes hearing short stories or songs.

Can help in getting dressed Begins to run Drinks well from a cup Eats with a spoon Can walk while pulling a toy Dances Gets seated in a chair. Runs Jumps up and down Stands on tip-toes Can draw lines and round shapes Throws balls May climb stairs using rails to hold on. Can put together a part puzzle Can use toys that have moving parts like buttons and levers Can turn door knobs Can turn book pages. May be able to count Can draw stick figures May be able to predict what will happen in a story May play simple board games Can name a few colors, numbers, and capital letters.

Is aware of gender Likes to play with friends Sings, dances, and may play acting games Switches between being compliant and being defiant Can tell the difference between made-up and real. Can talk about what happens in daycare or at school Speaks in sentences May recognize or say rhymes Can say first and last name.

May tell stories that stay on track Recites nursery rhymes or sings songs May be able to name letters and numbers Can answer simple questions about stories. Can walk up and down steps with one foot on each stair Runs and jumps with ease Catches a ball Can slide down a slide. Can hammer a peg into a hole Walks backwards Climbs stairs confidently Can hop Pours liquids with some help. May be able to somersault Uses scissors Hops or stands on one foot for about 10 seconds Can swing on swingset Goes to the bathroom in the toilet.

Can complete instructions with 3 or more steps Can count backward Knows left and right Tells time. Can use common devices, including phones, tablets, and game stations Writes stories and letters Maintains longer attention span.

Internalize work and study habits Can explain their positions and choices Continues to differentiate from parents. Cooperates and plays with others May play with kids of different genders Mimics adult behaviors Feels jealousy May be modest about bodies.

Mammals at this stage form a structure called the blastocyst, characterized by an inner cell mass that is distinct from the surrounding blastula, shown in Figure During cleavage, the cells divide without an increase in mass; that is, one large single-celled zygote divides into multiple smaller cells.

Each cell within the blastula is called a blastomere. Cleavage can take place in two ways: holoblastic total cleavage or meroblastic partial cleavage.

The type of cleavage depends on the amount of yolk in the eggs. Other species, such as birds, with a lot of yolk in the egg to nourish the embryo during development, undergo meroblastic cleavage. In mammals, the blastula forms the blastocyst in the next stage of development.

Here the cells in the blastula arrange themselves in two layers: the inner cell mass , and an outer layer called the trophoblast. The inner cell mass is also known as the embryoblast and this mass of cells will go on to form the embryo.

At this stage of development, illustrated in Figure The trophoblast will contribute to the placenta and nourish the embryo. Visit the Virtual Human Embryo project at the Endowment for Human Development site to step through an interactive that shows the stages of embryo development, including micrographs and rotating 3-D images. The typical blastula is a ball of cells. The next stage in embryonic development is the formation of the body plan. The cells in the blastula rearrange themselves spatially to form three layers of cells.

This process is called gastrulation. During gastrulation, the blastula folds upon itself to form the three layers of cells. Each of these layers is called a germ layer and each germ layer differentiates into different organ systems. The three germs layers, shown in Figure The ectoderm gives rise to the nervous system and the epidermis.

The mesoderm gives rise to the muscle cells and connective tissue in the body. The endoderm gives rise to columnar cells found in the digestive system and many internal organs.

If you could prevent your child from getting a devastating genetic disease, would you do it? Would you select the sex of your child or select for their attractiveness, strength, or intelligence?

How far would you go to maximize the possibility of resistance to disease? This is the case no longer: science fiction is now overlapping into science fact. Many phenotypic choices for offspring are already available, with many more likely to be possible in the not too distant future. Which traits should be selected and how they should be selected are topics of much debate within the worldwide medical community.

The ethical and moral line is not always clear or agreed upon, and some fear that modern reproductive technologies could lead to a new form of eugenics. Eugenics is the use of information and technology from a variety of sources to improve the genetic makeup of the human race. Ever since, eugenic ideas have not been as publicly expressed, but there are still those who promote them. Efforts have been made in the past to control traits in human children using donated sperm from men with desired traits.

In fact, eugenicist Robert Klark Graham established a sperm bank in that included samples exclusively from donors with high IQs. In more recent times, the procedure known as prenatal genetic diagnosis PGD has been developed. The term PGD usually refers to both the diagnosis, selection, and the implantation of the selected embryos. In the least controversial use of PGD, embryos are tested for the presence of alleles which cause genetic diseases such as sickle cell disease, muscular dystrophy, and hemophilia, in which a single disease-causing allele or pair of alleles has been identified.

By excluding embryos containing these alleles from implantation into the mother, the disease is prevented, and the unused embryos are either donated to science or discarded. There are relatively few in the worldwide medical community that question the ethics of this type of procedure, which allows individuals scared to have children because of the alleles they carry to do so successfully.

The major limitation to this procedure is its expense. Not usually covered by medical insurance and thus out of reach financially for most couples, only a very small percentage of all live births use such complicated methodologies. Yet, even in cases like these where the ethical issues may seem to be clear-cut, not everyone agrees with the morality of these types of procedures.

For example, to those who take the position that human life begins at conception, the discarding of unused embryos, a necessary result of PGD, is unacceptable under any circumstances. Still others, including the United States, have taken a scattershot approach to regulating these practices, essentially leaving it to the individual practicing physician to decide which practices are acceptable and which are not.

Even murkier are rare instances of disabled parents, such as those with deafness or dwarfism, who select embryos via PGD to ensure that they share their disability. These parents usually cite many positive aspects of their disabilities and associated culture as reasons for their choice, which they see as their moral right.

Where could this process lead? Will this technology become more affordable and how should it be used?